Exchange Rate. Money Management . It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in relation to another currency. In this case it is said that the price of a dollar in relation to yen is ?
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The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date. In order to determine which is the fixed currency when neither currency is on the above list (i. This reduces rounding issues and the need to use excessive numbers of decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule: for example, the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other currencies. It is the ratio of the number of units of a given country's currency necessary to buy a market basket of goods in the other country, after acquiring the other country's currency in the foreign exchange market, to the number of units of the given country's currency that would be necessary to buy that market basket directly in the given country. There are various ways to measure RER.
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For example, the purchasing power of the US dollar relative to that of the euro is the dollar price of a euro (dollars per euro) times the euro price of one unit of the market basket (euros/goods unit) divided by the dollar price of the market basket (dollars per goods unit), and hence is dimensionless. This is the exchange rate (expressed as dollars per euro) times the relative price of the two currencies in terms of their ability to purchase units of the market basket (euros per goods unit divided by dollars per goods unit). If all goods were freely tradable, and foreign and domestic residents purchased identical baskets of goods, purchasing power parity (PPP) would hold for the exchange rate and GDP deflators (price levels) of the two countries, and the real exchange rate would always equal 1. The rates provided in this report are not meant to be used by the general public for conducting foreign currency conversion transactions. The authors suggest a new hybrid neural network which is a combination of the standard RBF neural network, a genetic algorithm, and a moving average.
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The moving average is supposed to enhance the outputs of the network using the error part of the original neural network. Authors test the suggested model on high- frequency time series data of USD/CAD and examine the ability to forecast exchange rate values for the horizon of one day. To determine the forecasting efficiency, they perform a comparative statistical out- of- sample analysis of the tested model with autoregressive models and the standard neural network. They also incorporate genetic algorithm as an optimizing technique for adapting parameters of ANN which is then compared with standard backpropagation and backpropagation combined with K- means clustering algorithm. Finally, the authors find out that their suggested hybrid neural network is able to produce more accurate forecasts than the standard models and can be helpful in eliminating the risk of making the bad decision in decision- making process.
Profits or losses accrue as the exchange rate of that currency fluctuates on the open market. It is extremely rare that individual traders actually see the foreign currency. Instead, they typically close out their buy or sell commitments and calculate net gains or losses based on price changes in that currency relative to the dollar over time.
The participants include large banks, multinational corporations, governments, and speculators. Individual traders comprise a very small part of this market. Because of the volatility in the price of foreign currency, losses can accrue very rapidly, wiping out an investor’s down payment in short order. It has to pay suppliers in other countries with a currency different from its home country’s currency. The home country is where a company is headquartered. The firm is likely to be paid or have profits in a different currency and will want to exchange it for its home currency.
Even if a company expects to be paid in its own currency, it must assess the risk that the buyer may not be able to pay the full amount due to currency fluctuations. You can convert currencies and precious metals with this currency calculator. Convert currencies using interbank, ATM, credit card, and kiosk cash rates. Exchange rate is the cost of the chosen currency at a certain moment of time in comparison with the other currency. Click to use the currency converter. Updated every 5 seconds. You must express the amounts you report on your U.
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Suraiya - Wikipedia. Petit High School for Girls, Fort, Mumbai. Height. 5 ft 4 in (1. India Post in her name (2.
Template: Zodiac sign = Gemini. Suraiya Jamaal Sheikh (1. June 1. 92. 9 – 3. January 2. 00. 4), popularly known as Suraiya, was an Indian Muslim. She was the most popular singing star of the Indian sub- continent of her generation. Till 1. 94. 3, as a child singer, Suraiya gave play- back for one actress, namely, Mehtab in three films and also in some of her own films for her roles as a child artiste. After this, she only sang for her own films as an actress, and as a heroine after 1.
From 1. 94. 8 to 1. Bollywood, earning the highest amount for her performances, over all the performing actors of the times, male or female, including Dev Anand, Raj Kapoor, Dilip Kumar, Nargis and Madhubala. She received 1. 5 - 2 lakhs rupees for her role per film, when top male actors were getting 5.
For a song, she commanded rupees 1. Lata was getting rupees 1. She had a natural talent for singing, acting and dancing from childhood. She received basic training in music, when her mother used to take her to Hindustani music teacher or 'masterji' for training. She first sang for a children's program for All India Radio in 1. Later on Naushad gave her on the job 'training', while recording.
She went on to become a most successful singing film star of Bollywood. She first sang for a children's program for All India Radio in 1. She had received training in dancing from Mumtaz Ali, dancer- actor and father of famous comedian, Mehmood. Her performance 'expertly integrated gestures, music and speech'. In a career, spanning from 1. Suraiya sang 3. 38 songs in films (which were mostly her own films) and 2 in adddition were non- film songs, namely, 'tum rahe kahan ko piya' and 'hum tum karenge pyar'. She acted in 6. 7 movies, which do not include the incomplete films like 'Jaanwar' (with Dilip Kumar), 'Paagal Khaana' with Bharat Bhushan and an Indo- British film, on Wajid Ali Shah (1.
British director, Herbert Marshall with Ashok Kumar in lead role as Wajid Ali Shah . Her maternal uncle, named Zahoor (also known as M. Zahoor) also came to Bombay and became a well known villain in films.
Petit High School for Girls in Fort, Mumbai. Later, 1. 94. 2 onwards, when she started singing for films as a 1. Miss P. F. Patuck told her father not to let her be absent from school during school days. She sang for Mehtab in three films in 1.
In her childhood, Raju Bharatan, a few years younger to her who later became a famous music and sports writer, critic and correspondent, actor Raj Kapoor and composer Madan Mohan, both a few years older, were her neighbourhood friends. Raj Kapoor and Madan Mohan, both used to sing with her in A. I. R.(All India Radio), when she was a six- year- old girl. In fact, Madan Mohan first introduced her to A.
I. R.(All India Radio) as a child singer. The film was directed by Jaddan Bai, mother of Nargis, with Jaddan Bai herself as heroine, and music and songs, also written and sung by her.
Zahoor, who was then a popular villain in films. During a holiday from school in 1.
Bombay's Mohan. Studios to see the shooting of the film Taj Mahal (1. Nanubhai Vakil. Vakil noticing the charm and innocence of young Suraiya, selected her to play the role of young Mumtaj Mahal. In fact, they first introduced her to AIR. Raj Kapoor, later, attained fame as an actor and a film maker, while Madan Mohan became well- known music director. Both were associated with her, later as an adult, as her hero and as her music director respectively in films. In AIR, Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari was then the station director at the Bombay radio station.
Once, music director Naushad Ali heard Suraiya's voice, he chose her to sing as a 1. Mehtab in Abdul Rashid Kardar's film Sharda.
He became Suraiya's mentor and she sang some of the best songs of her career under his baton. Later he gave hits after hits when Suraiya became full- fledged singing star in Anmol Ghadi (1. Dard (1. 94. 7), Dillagi (1. Dastaan (1. 95. 0). Naushad Ali composed approximately 5.
Suraiya, coming at 2nd place after Husnlal Bhagatram for composing the highest number of songs for Suraiya (5. Kanchan' (1. 95. 5) from 'Amar Kahani' (1. As an adult, Suraiya initially played as a heroine in K. Asif's Phool as Shama with Prithviraj Kapoor as hero. She acted as a heroine in the film Tadbir (1. K. Saigal, who liked her voice during a rehearsal of a song for Jayant Desai's film 'Samrat Chandragupt' (1. He recommended her name to Desai opposite himself in 'Tadbir' (1.
Saigal in Omar Khayyam (1. Parwana (1. 94. 7 film). Although by then she had a couple of hit songs, but the four solo songs which she sang in Parwana for music director Khwaja Khurshid Anwar made her a genuine singer- film star. She had high regards for Khwaja Khurshid Anwar for whom she sang thirteen songs during 1. More opportunities arose for Suraiya after reigning famous actress Noor Jehan and Khursheed Bano migrated to Pakistan following the Partition of India in 1. As an actress, Suraiya had an edge over her contemporaries Kamini Kaushal and Nargis, because she could sing her own songs. After three hits Pyar Ki Jeet (1.
Bari Bahen (1. 94. Dillagi (1. 94. 9), she became the highest paid film star, earning 1- 2 lakhs of rupees per film, when male actors got much less. When 'Pyar Ki Jeet' was released, it drew large crowds outside Suraiya's house that had to be controlled by posting an inspector and four constables outside her house. During the premiere of 'Badi Behan', there was a very large crowd outside the cinema hall and the police had to lathi- charge when Suraiya was walking into the hall. People even pulled at her clothes, so that after that, Suraiya stopped going to the premieres of her films.
She made a comeback in Waaris and Mirza Ghalib (film) (1. Rustom Sohrab (1. In the late 1. 94.
Dev Anand. While shooting the film Vidya (1. Dev Anand. The two of them were paired in seven films together: Vidya (1. Jeet (1. 94. 9), Shair (1. Afsar (1. 95. 0), Nili (1.
Do Sitare (1. 95. Sanam (1. 95. 1), all of which were successful at the box office.
In these films, Suraiya was always first- biller in the credits, indicating that she was a bigger star than Dev Anand. She fell in love with him during the shooting of the song Kinare Kinare Chale Jaayenge from the film 'Vidya' in 1.
While shooting the scene in a river, the boat they were in capsized, and Dev Anand saved Suraiya from drowning. From 1. 94. 8 to 1. During the shooting of the film 'Jeet', Dev Anand proposed to her and gave her a diamond ring worth rupees three thousand, a huge sum in those days. Suraiya was glad to be proposed, but soon her grandmother found out about her engagement and threw her ring into the sea. Her maternal grandmother opposed the relationship, mainly because they were Muslims and Dev Anand was a Hindu.
Suraiya and Dev Anand were stopped from acting together after her last film with Dev Anand in 1. Thereafter, Suraiya remained unmarried by her own choice for the rest of her life. Kardar ended with Deewana, after which she reduced her assignments in films. She made national news with Sohrab Modi's film Mirza Ghalib (1. President's Gold medal for the Best Feature Film. In the film, she made vivid, the role of the married Ghalib's lover.
Along with an emotionally fluid performance where her expressions of love, expectation and hurt just seemed to merge into one another, the queen of cadence also recorded songs, which are still regarded by many as the definitive Ghalib renditions and the standard by which Ghalib's gazal singing is measured. No less a personality than Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru praised her singing and acting by saying, Tumne Mirza Ghalib Ki Rooh Ko Zinda Kar Diya, (You have brought Mirza Ghalib's soul to life). After Mirza Ghalib, she acted in movies like Bilwamangal (1. Waris (1. 95. 4), Shama Parwana (1. Kanchan (1. 95. 5) (which was released in 1. Amar Kahani and re- released as 'Kanchan'), Inam (1.
Mr. Lambu (1. 95. Trolly Driver (1. Miss 1. 95. 8 (1. Maalik (1. 95. 8) and Shama (1.
In mid- fifties, Suraiya told Lata once that she would soon be cutting down on her films. Lata told her not to do so. The song, 'Yeh kaisi ajab daastan ho gayi hai'. Suraiya in an interview said that during the shooting of the film, she suffered from low blood pressure, which was the reason of her giving up her acting career. Sehgal, Ashok Kumar, Ajit, Kamal Kapoor, Rehman, Surendra, Shyam (Chopra), Amar Nath, Karan Dewan, Jairaj, Mukesh, C. Atma, Talat Mehmood, Sheikh Mukhtar, Naseer Khan (Dileep Kumar's brother), Vijay Dutt (Guru Dutt's brother), Prem Nath, Bharat Bhushan, Suresh, Wasti, Moti Lal, Jayant, Nusrat.
Her film 'Jaanwar' in early nineteen fifties with Dilip Kumar as hero (and K. Asif as director) was left incomplete by her, as she refused to act in the film, because of rough behaviour by Dilip Kumar during the shooting of the film, when he tore her blouse and bruised her back so badly that it took a month to heal. Later, director producer K.
Asif wanted a kissing scene. Suraiya knew that censors would not pass it. When she asked Asif how he would get through the censors, he could not satisfy her and she withdrew from the film. There was another story also, that Dilip Kumar and K. Asif were hand in glove to exploit and humiliate Suraiya, because Suraiya had earlier ignored Dilip Kumar's plea to act with her. So they did some torrid scene and kept on repeating it for four days.
Fed up with this ghastly behaviour of the two, Suraiya refused to act for them and withdrew from the film. Santoshi (director)(balding)Suraiya had a very sweet voice from childhood. She could sing all types of songs with ease, whether sad, with pathos in her voice, or romantic with amorous love, or comic with playful jest.
Suraiya was initially, not a classically trained singer in Hindustani music, knowing the 'grammar' or theory of Hindustani music, yet she was a practical singer by nature. She became the most outstanding singing star of her times from 1.